VARTHEMA (Barthema,
Vertomannus, &c.), LUDOVICO DI, of Bologna (fl. 1502-1510), Italian
traveller and writer. He was perhaps a soldier before beginning his distant
journeys, which he undertook apparently from a passion for adventure, novelty
and the fame which (then especially) attended successful exploration, He
left Europe near the end of 1502; early in 1503 he reached Alexandria and
ascended the Nile to Cairo. From Egypt he sailed to Beirut and thence travelled
to Tripoli, Aleppo and Damascus, where he managed to get himself enrolled,
under the name of Yunas (Jonah), in the Mameluke garrison doubtless after
adopting Islam. From Damascus he made the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina
as one of the Mameluke escort of the Hajj caravan (April-June 1503); he
describes the sacred cities of Islam and the chief pilgrim sites and ceremonies
with remarkable accuracy, almost all his details being confirmed by later
writers. With the view of reaching India, he embarked at Jidda, the port
of Mecca, and sailed down the Red Sea, and through the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb
to Aden, where he was arrested and imprisoned as a Christian spy. He gained
his liberty after imprisonment both at Aden and Radaa through the partiality
of one of the sultanas of Yemen, made an extensive tour in south-west Arabia
(visiting Sana, &c.), and took ship at Aden for the Persian Gulf and
India. On the way he touched at Zaila [end vol.27, p.924] and Berbera in
Somaliland; he then (early in 1504?) ran across to the Indian port of Diu
in Gujarat, afterwards famous as a Portuguese fortress. From Diu he sailed
up the Gulf of Cambay to Gogo, and thence turning back towards the Persian
Gulf made Julfar (just within the entrance of the gulf), Muscat and Ormuz.
From Ormuz he seems to have journeyed across Persia to Herat, returning
thence south-west to Shiraz, where he entered into partnership with a Persian
merchant, who accompanied him during nearly all his travels in South Asia.
After an unsuccessful attempt to reach Samarkand, the two returned to Shiraz,
came down to Ormuz, and took ship for India. From the mouth of the Indus
Varthema coasted down the whole west coast of India, touching at Cambay
and Chaul; at Goa, whence he made an excursion inland to Bijapur; at Cannanore,
from which he again struck into the interior to visit Vijayanagar on the
Tungabudra; and at Calicut (1505?), where he stops to describe the society,
manners and customs of Malabar, as well as the topography and trade of
the city, the court and government of its sovereign (the Zamorin), its
justice, religion, navigation and military organization. Nowhere do Varthema's
accuracy and observing power show themselves more strikingly. Passing on
by the " backwater of Cochin, and calling at Kulam (Quilon), he rounded
Cape Comorin, and passed over to Ceylon (1506?). Though his stay here was
brief (at Colombo ?), he learnt a good deal about the island, from which
he sailed to Pulicat, slightly north of Madras, then subject to Vijayanagar.
Thence he crossed over to Ten-asserim in the Malay Peninsula, to Banghella,
perhaps near Chittagong, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, and to Pegu,
in the company of his Persian friend and of two Chinese Christians (Nestorians?)
whom he met at Banghella. After some successful trading with the king of
Pegu, Varthema and his party sailed on to Malacca, crossed over to Pider
(Pedir) in Sumatra, and thence proceeded to Randan (Banda) and Monoch (one
of the Moluccas), the farthest eastward points reached by the Italian traveller.
From the Moluccas he returned westward, touched at Borneo, and there chartered
a vessel for Java, the "largest of islands, as his Christian companions
reckoned it. He notes the use of compass and chart by the native captain
on the transit from Bornei to Giava, and preserves a curious, more than
half-mythical, reference to supposed Far Southern lands. From Java he crossed
over to Malacca, where he and his Persian ally parted from the Chinese
Christians; from Malacca he returned to the Coromandel coast, and from
Negapatam (?) in Coromandel he voyaged back, round Cape Comorin, to Kulam
and Calicut. Varthema was now anxious to resume Christianity and return
to Europe; after some time he succeeded in desert-ing to the Portuguese
garrison at Cannanore (early in 1506?). He fought for the Portuguese in
various engagements, and was knighted by the viceroy Francisco d'Almeida,
the navigator Tristan da Cunha being his "sponsor. For a year and a half
he acted as Portuguese factor at Cochin, and on the 6th of December 1507
(?) he finally left India for Europe by the Cape route. Sailing from Cannanore,
Varthema apparently struck Africa about Malindi, and (probably) coasting
by Mombasa and Kilwa arrived at Mozambique, where he notices the Portuguese
fortress then building, and describes with his usual accuracy the negroes
of the mainland. Beyond the Cape of Good Hope he encountered furious storms,
but arrived safely in Lisbon after sighting St Helena and Ascension, and
touching at the Azores. In Portugal the king received him cordially, kept
him some days at court "to learn about India, and confirmed the knighthood
conferred by d'Almeida. His narrative finally brings him to Rome, where
he takes leave of the reader. As Richard Burton says (Pilgrimage to...
Meccah, 1855, vol. ii. p. 352): "For correctness of observation and
readiness of wit Varthema " stands in the foremost rank of the old Oriental
travellers. In Arabia and in the Indian archipelago east of Java he is
(for Europe and Christendom) a real discoverer. Even where passing over
ground traversed by earlier European explorers, his keen intelligence frequently
adds valuable original notes on peoples, manners, customs, laws, religions,
products, trade, methods of war, &c.
Varthema's work (Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema
Bolognese ...) was first published in Italian at Rome in Into (ad instatia
de Lodouico de Henricis da Corneto Vicetino). Other Italian editions
appeared at Rome, 1517, at Venice, 1518, 1535, 1563, 1589, &c., at
Milan, 1519, 1523, 1525, &c. Latin translations appeared at
Milan, 1511 (by Archangelus Madrignanus); and at Nuremberg, 1610 (Frankfort,
1611); as well as in the Novus Orbis of Simon Grynaeus (Basel, 1532).
German versions came out at Augsburg, 1515 (Strassburg, 1516); at Strassburg,
by Michael Herr, in his New Welt, from Grynaeus, 1534; at Leipzig,
by Hieronymus Megiserus, 1610 (and 1615), &c. A Spanish translation
was issued at Seville, 1520 (from the Latin), and a French at Lyons, 1556.
Dutch versions were printed at Antwerp, 1563 (from Grynaeus), at Utrecht,
1615 (from the Leipzig German of 1610), and again at Utrecht, 1655. The
first English translation was of 1576 1577 (in Richard Eden's History
of Travayle); an extract from Varthema was inserted in Samuel Purchas's
Pilgrimage (London, 1625 1626); and in 1863 appeared the Hakluyt
Society edition by J. W. Jones and G. P. Badger (Travels of Ludovico
di Varthema, London).
(C. R. B.)
Charles
Raymond Beazley
Eleventh edition
vol.27, p.924d-925c